The code fragments below implement the algorithm given in Section
6.3.1 for calculating an estimate of the statistical variance of the
RTP data interarrival time to be inserted in the interarrival jitter
field of reception reports. The inputs are r->ts , the timestamp from
the incoming packet, and arrival , the current time in the same
units. Here s points to state for the source; s->transit holds the
relative transit time for the previous packet, and s->jitter holds
the estimated jitter. The jitter field of the reception report is
measured in timestamp units and expressed as an unsigned integer, but
the jitter estimate is kept in a floating point. As each data packet
arrives, the jitter estimate is updated:
int transit = arrival - r->ts;
int d = transit - s->transit;
s->transit = transit;
if (d < 0) d = -d;
s->jitter += (1./16.) * ((double)d - s->jitter);
When a reception report block (to which rr points) is generated for
this member, the current jitter estimate is returned:
rr->jitter = (u_int32) s->jitter;
Alternatively, the jitter estimate can be kept as an integer, but
scaled to reduce round-off error. The calculation is the same except
for the last line:
s->jitter += d - ((s->jitter + 8) >> 4);
Schulzrinne, et al Standards Track [Page 71]
RFC 1889 RTP January 1996
In this case, the estimate is sampled for the reception report as:
rr->jitter = s->jitter >> 4;
B. Security Considerations
RTP suffers from the same security liabilities as the underlying
protocols. For example, an impostor can fake source or destination
network addresses, or change the header or payload. Within RTCP, the
CNAME and NAME information may be used to impersonate another
participant. In addition, RTP may be sent via IP multicast, which
provides no direct means for a sender to know all the receivers of
the data sent and therefore no measure of privacy. Rightly or not,
users may be more sensitive to privacy concerns with audio and video
communication than they have been with more traditional forms of
network communication [24]. Therefore, the use of security mechanisms
with RTP is important. These mechanisms are discussed in Section 9.
RTP-level translators or mixers may be used to allow RTP traffic to
reach hosts behind firewalls. Appropriate firewall security
principles and practices, which are beyond the scope of this
document, should be followed in the design and installation of these
devices and in the admission of RTP applications for use behind the
firewall.
C. Authors' Addresses
Henning Schulzrinne
GMD Fokus
Hardenbergplatz 2
D-10623 Berlin
Germany
EMail: schulzrinne@fokus.gmd.de
Stephen L. Casner
Precept Software, Inc.
21580 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Suite 207
Cupertino, CA 95014
United States
EMail: casner@precept.com
